How to Convert Atmospheres to Pascals (atm to Pa)

How to Convert Atmospheres to Pascals (atm to Pa) Atmospheres and Pascals are two important units of pressure. This example problem demonstrates how to convert the pressure units atmospheres (atm) to pascals (Pa). Pascal is an SI pressure unit that refers to newtons per square meter. Atmosphere originally was a unit related to the air pressure at sea level. It was later defined as 1.01325 x 105 Pa. atm to Pa Problem The pressure under the ocean increases roughly 0.1 atm per meter. At 1 km, the water pressure is 99.136 atmospheres. What is this pressure in pascals? Solution:Start with the conversion factor between the two units: 1 atm 1.01325 x 105 PaSet up the conversion so the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want Pa to be the remaining unit. pressure in Pa (pressure in atm) x (1.01325 x 105 Pa/1 atm)pressure in Pa (99.136 x 1.01325 x 105) Papressure in Pa 1.0045 x 107 Pa Answer:The water pressure at a depth of 1 km is 1.0045 x 107 Pa. Pa to atm Conversion Example Its easy to work the conversion going the other way - from Pascal to atmospheres. The average atmospheric pressure on Mars is about 600 Pa. Convert this to atmospheres. Use the same conversion factor, but check to make certain Pascals cancel out so you get an answer in atmospheres. pressure in atm (pressure on Pa) x (1 atm/1.01325 x 10​5 Pa)pressure in atm 600 / 1.01325 x 105 atm (the Pa unit cancels out)pressure on Mars   0.00592 atm or 5.92 x 10-2 atm In addition to learning the conversion, its worth noting the low atmospheric pressure means humans couldnt breathe on Mars even if the air had the same chemical composition as air on Earth.  The low pressure of the Martian atmosphere also means water and carbon dioxide readily undergo sublimation from the solid to the gas phase.

The Large Hadron Collider and the Frontier of Physics

The Large Hadron Collider and the Frontier of Physics The science of particle physics looks at the very building blocks of matter - the atoms and particles that make up much of the material in the cosmos. Its a complex science that requires painstaking measurements of particles moving at high speeds. This science got a huge boost when the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) began operations in September 2008. Its name sounds very science-fictiony but the word collider actually explains exactly what it does: send two high-energy particle beams at nearly the speed of light around a 27-kilometer long underground ring. At the right time, the beams are forced to collide. Protons in the beams then smash together and, if all goes well, smaller bits and pieces - called subatomic particles - are created for brief moments in time. Their actions and existence are recorded. From that activity, physicists learn more about the very fundamental constituents of matter. LHC and Particle Physics The LHC was built to answer some incredibly important questions in physics, delving into where mass comes from, why the cosmos is made of matter instead of its opposite stuff called antimatter, and what the mysterious stuff known as dark matter could possibly be. It could also provide important new clues about conditions in the very early  universe when gravity and electromagnetic forces were all combined with the weak and strong forces into one all-encompassing force. That only happened for a short time in the early universe, and physicists want to know why and how it changed.   The science of particle physics is essentially the search for  the very basic building blocks of matter. We know about the atoms and molecules that make up everything we see and feel. The atoms themselves are made up of smaller components: the nucleus and electrons. The nucleus is itself made up of protons and neutrons. Thats not the end of the line, however. The neutrons are made up of subatomic particles called quarks. Are there smaller particles? Thats what particle accelerators are designed to find out. The way they do this is to create conditions similar to what it was like just after the Big Bang - the event that began the universe. At that point, some 13.7 billion years ago, the universe was made only of particles. They were scattered freely through the infant cosmos and roamed constantly. These include mesons, pions, baryons, and hadrons (for which the accelerator is named). Particle physicists (the people who study these particles) suspect that matter is made up of at least twelve kinds of fundamental particles. They are divided into quarks (mentioned above) and leptons. There are six of each type. That only accounts for some of the fundamental particles in nature. The rest are created in super-energetic collisions (either in the Big Bang or in accelerators such as the LHC). Inside those collisions, particle physicists get a very fast glimpse at what conditions were like in the Big Bang, when the fundamental particles were first created. What is the LHC? The LHC is the largest particle accelerator in the world, a big sister to Fermilab in Illinois and other smaller accelerators. LHC is located near Geneva, Switzerland, built and operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research, and used by more than 10,000 scientists from around the world. Along its ring, physicists and technicians have installed extremely strong supercooled magnets that guide and shape the beams of particles through a beam pipe). Once the beams are moving fast enough, specialized magnets guide them to the correct positions where the collisions take place. Specialized detectors record the collisions, the particles, the temperatures and other conditions at the time of the collision, and the particle actions in the billionths of a second during which the smash-ups take place. What Has the LHC Discovered? When particle physicists planned and built the LHC, one thing they hoped to find evidence for is the Higgs Boson. Its a particle named after Peter Higgs, who predicted its existence. In 2012, the LHC consortium announced that experiments had revealed the existence of a boson that matched the expected criteria for the Higgs Boson. In addition to the continued search for the Higgs, scientists using the LHC have created whats called a quark-gluon plasma, which is the densest matter thought to exist outside of a black hole. Other particle experiments are helping physicists understand supersymmetry, which is a spacetime symmetry that involves two related types of particles: bosons and fermions. Each group of particles is thought to have an associated superpartner particle in the other. Understanding such supersymmetry would give scientists further insight into whats called the standard model. Its a theory that explains what the world is, what holds its matter together, and the forces and particles involved. The Future of the LHC Operations at the LHC have included two major observing runs. In between each one, the system is refurbished and upgraded to improve its instrumentation and detectors. The next updates (slated for 2018 and beyond) will include an increase in collisional velocities, and a chance to increase the luminosity of the machine. What that means is that LHC will be able to see ever more rare and fast-occurring processes of particle acceleration and collision. The faster the collisions can occur, the more energy will be released as ever-smaller and harder-to-detect particles are involved. This will give particle physicists an even better look at the very building blocks of matter that make up the stars, galaxies, planets, and life.

Area of family gerontology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Area of family gerontology - Research Paper Example They are also not in a position to communicate the abuse and thus suffer in silence (IQ Nursing Homes.com, 2008). According to the reports from the U.S. General Accounting Office, 43% of elderly population will live in a nursing home during a lifetime and of these atleast 3 million will be subjected to abuse and atleast 300,000 will die following abuse and neglect at nursing homes (cited in Roberts, 2004). Abuse and negligence leads to violation of human rights of the elderly people who deserve to be respected and have the right to live with dignity and comfort. Infact, the very purpose of admitting then to nursing homes is to make them feel comfortable and get assistance round the clock. Exploitation of their physical and mental vulnerability by means of abuse and neglect needs to be condemned and prevented. Many organizations, groups, laws and reports have devised methods of prevention of abuse and neglect in nursing homes. This article explores some of the measures which help prev ent abuse and neglect. Focus and research statement Is abuse and neglect of elderly common in the nursing homes of United States? Background information Types of abuse in nursing homes Abuse in the elderly can be physical, sexual, emotional or even wrongful death. Financial exploitation and abuse can also occur. Most of the times, abuse occurs by the staff of the nursing home. However, abuse can occur from other residents of the nursing home too. This article mainly concentrates on abuse from the staff. Abuse of the residents can lead to many consequences which vary in intensity ranging from mild discomfort to serious consequences like dehydration, starvation, serious injuries, bedsores and even death. The most common forms of abuse are neglect and caretaking mistreatment (Griffore et al, 2009). Indicators of abuse and negligence in nursing homes In majority of cases, abuse is not obvious and may be missed easily if a family member or a loved person is not watching intentionally. Si nce most of the times, the elderly person is not in a position to address and communicate abuse and neglect which he or she is subjected to, the family member or the loved person must make effort to identify abuse and neglect through various signs and symptoms of abuse (IQ Nursing Homes.com, 2008). When the elderly person becomes withdrawn or non-communicative, emotional abuse must be suspected. Other signs and symptoms of emotional abuse are anxiety, agitation, involuntary seclusion, mood swings, feeling of low self esteem, depression and strange behaviour like sucking, rocking and biting. Since many elderly people develop these features as part of their disease and old age, presence of symptoms and signs of emotional abuse can be attributed to old age mental conditions (IQ Nursing Homes.com, 2008). One clue to the fact that these symptoms actually are due to abuse and neglect is the fact that the onset of symptoms has occurred after admission to the nursing home. Signs and symptom s of physical abuse are unexplained injuries or accidents leading to bruises, abrasions, cuts, damage to the skin, fractures, welts, burns, broken eye glasses, lacerations and

The social impact of television in the Hunger games and 1984 Essay

The social impact of television in the Hunger games and 1984 - Essay Example While the year had come and gone, this narrative was written timely. The novel gives an amazing and haunting vision of the world. The powers of this novel are beyond doubt as it holds the all the imaginations of many generations of readers. This paper looks at the social impact that television has had on this two stories and how the government uses media especially television to control the people. The media especially television serves us with a lot of information. But the question that you may ask is ‘how often do we think about the impact of this information on our thoughts and behaviors?’ while we may believe that it is good to be informed without persuasion, then to some degree we have been manipulated by television. There are many instances in which the use of television has impacted the Hunger Games which was written by Suzanne Collins. In order to explore the television and its effect on people in the Hunger Game, it is easy to look at Katniss Everdeen as she becomes a leader and champion by understanding the power of television. Her unpredictable degrees of awareness and the manipulation of the content that is televised perfectly shows how society reacts to this as well. It is no secret that media specifically television is all around us, which provide us with information at all times. In many times, we perceive them as purely educational or entertaining. We barely think of its impact on our opinions and behaviors. After all, most people are capable of differentiating fact from fiction and can be informed without persuasion, right? But the truth of the matter is the Hunger Games has been impacted by the television. The level of manipulation, will however depend on one’s understanding of media operates, specifically how television impacts viewers. In the Hunger Games, the capitol uses television to keep the citizens compliant. The impact of this has been seen mainly in terms of beliefs, politics and opinions.

Truman Doctrines Essay Example for Free

Truman Doctrines Essay During the Cold War, most U. S. presidents came up with policies also known as â€Å"doctrines† to help remember who stood for what. In this report I will be summarizing a situation that required U. S. diplomatic efforts during President Harry Truman time; explicate the diplomatic doctrine the president followed; describing the effects of this diplomatic efforts for the U. S. and other countries; assess the advantages and disadvantages of the particular doctrine that followed. In February 1947, the British government informed the United States that it could no longer furnish the economic and military assistance it had been providing to Greece and Turkey since the end of WWII. The Truman administration believed that both nations were threatened by communism and it jumped at the chance to take a tough stand against the Soviet Union. In Greece, force has been battling the Greek royal government since the end of WWII. In Turkey, the Soviets were demanding some manner of control over the Dardanelles, territory from which Turkey was able to dominate the strategies waterways from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. On March 12, 1947 Truman appear before a group of Congress to make his case. He declared the world faced a chance in the years to come. Nations could adapt a way of life â€Å"based upon the will of the majority† and minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. † He proposed the Truman Doctrine which provided political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. It effectively reoriented U. S. foreign policy, away from its usual standpoint of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the U.  S. , to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts. He began by outlining the situation in Greece and Turkey, â€Å"Assistance is imperative if Greece is to survive as a free nation, they must have assistance if it is to become a self-sufficient and self-respecting democracy. † Greece and Turkey will fall to communism without help. Truman requested that Congress provide $400 million worth of aid to both Greece and Turkey to support the dispatch of American civilian and military personnel and equipment to the region. Congress granted it. This became known as the Military Assistance Program. It ultimately led to NATO. Many historians say the Truman Doctrine marked the American policy of â€Å"containment. † The most famous passage from Truman’s speech: â€Å"I believe that it must be the policy of the U. S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure. † They ideas of this speech informed the communism that they can keep what it had got but Truman would not let it grow anymore. Houghton Mifflin says â€Å"that Truman Doctrine expanded the nation’s role in checking the spread of communism. † This interpretation basically presumes that the U. S. was in the right. As a result of Truman’s presentation of the global threat of Communism led to an anti-Communist Hysteria which was to end in the â€Å"Red Scare† of the 1950s. It also convinced the Soviets in Russia that Americas was a threat to Soviets Communism, and it substantially provoked the Cold War for the 30 years.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Essay -- Medical Health Medicine Essays

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is an insidiously developing, adult-onset, progressive anterior horn cell degeneration with associated degeneration of descending motor pathways. Despite increasing clinical and research interest, its cause remains obscure. Although many theories as to its cause have been proposed, no intervention has yet been shown to modify biologically determined motor system degeneration. There is no clear cut neuropathological diagnosis for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Instead, clinicians must rely on both the topographic distribution of the neuronal loss and the finding of some characteristic cytological changes. The precise pattern of these changes, however, varies to some extent, depending on whether the disease is of the classical sporadic type, one of the less common familial types, or the Chamorro form in Guam (1). The primary feature of ALS is anterior horn neuronal cell degeneration and loss. The pathologic features of this process include shrinkage and pyknosis of the large spinal motor neurons (with consequent prominence of lipofuscin), the presence of ghost cells, neuronophagia, and gliosis (2). There is a massive loss of Betz cells and other pyramidal cells from the precentral cortex. Along with the loss of cortical cells, the corticospinal tracts are preferentially depleted of large myelinated fibers (3). Corticospinal tract involvement is most readily observed in the anterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord, particularly caudally. Degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts may be seen. The posterior columns are affected (but not always) as well (4). Cell loss can be difficult to judge in the brainstem nuclei. Associated findings such as i... ...lerosis. Neurology, 1987; 37:529-532. 4. Williams, D. B., Windebank, A. J. Motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Mayo Clin. Proc., 1991; 66(1): 54-92. 5. Swash, M., Schwartz. Staging motor neurone disease: single fiber EMG studies of asymmetry, progression and compensatory reinnervation. In Research Progress in Motor Neurone Disease, 1984; 123-140. 6. Hirano, A., et. al. Fine structural observations of neurofilamentous changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1984; 43:461-470. 7. Kurland, L. T., Mulder, D. W. Epidemiologic investigations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology, 1989; 5:182-196. 8. Barron, K. D., Rodichok, L. D. Cancer and disorders of motor neurons. Adv. Neurol., 1982; 36:267-272. 9. Kurtzke, J. F. Risk factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv. Neurol., 1991; 56:245-70.

nt1330 unit 7 assinment1 Essay

TO: Business Manager FROM: IT Consultant I can understand how you concerned with your company’s security after all information on competitors can be invaluable or very harmful to a company and this is why it must be protected from prying eyes. This does not have to mean that you have to lose production over trying to secure your networks information. An easy measure like user names and passwords can be used to protect less sensitive information but how strong you make those usernames and passwords can have a significant effect on how well your information is protected. I will give you some tips on how to better secure your network with the tools that you already have at hand, keep in mind that you can also buy better security items to better protect you network things like; smart card, finger print scanners, retinal scanners, etc. but I only recommend these for really sensitive information and only for certain users in your company. On the server that is the DC log in to the administrator account and in the Active Directory Users and Computers in the Domain icon in the left pane click on the users icon, you’ll be able to see all of the users in that domain. From here you can click on any user and make changes as necessary, for user names I recommend you use the following format; using capital and lower case letters the first letter of their name, their whole last name and their employee number, ex. â€Å"CCbattle1234@Domain*%#.Local† if someone hack the account and all that they knew the person name and the domain name they could not get in because it is very unlikely that they would know that person employee number and if they do then you have a spy in your company. As for passwords I recommend that they be alpha numeric and what this means is that they should be at least eight characters long, be composed of upper and lower case letters, should contain at least one number and one special characte r. Best Regards,  IT Consultant

Certainty and Doubt

Certainty is a pleasurable feeling to have. We often times take these feelings for granted and do not realize that nothing in the world is a hundred percent certain. Many are convinced that certainty allows one to achieve dreams and desires; but this is untrue. Many do not realize that just because something has not been proven wrong, does not mean it is necessarily true. The intelligence to have a certain amount of doubt regarding everything is truly a blessing to have. Doubt allows us to make discoveries and motivates us to achieve greatness, while certainty can on courage complacency.However, with both, a person can uncover an excess amount of greatness within oneself. Through doubting of the accepted logic of society, many have risen to greatness by discovery in the past. Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, and Christopher Columbus are all pioneers that led the world to new discoveries on different frontiers. From the creation of the light bulb and the telephone, to the discove ry of the new world, these well-known men of action had begun their journey based on their individual doubts.Due to their doubts, these men were able to make such breakthroughs that they changed the whole world. Without the doubt of the general knowledge of the time, these men would have amounted to something less than what they are given credit for today. Although, having too much doubt can lead to distrust, a person who completely lacks in doubt is considered extremely gullible. In order to avoid gullibility, you must have an amount of doubt on specific subject. Within high school, there are many lies and rumors spread throughout the student body.To avoid gullibility in this particular environment, one must start by searching for the truth. Having doubts on the rumors that are spread throughout the student body can reveal what is the truth. On the other hand, acquiring an excessive amount of doubt can lead to distrust and misunderstandings amongst one’s peers. Doubt can oft entimes be just as polluting to the mind as gullibility. Being doubtful could lead to stress-related health problems such as paranoia and anxiety.We oftentimes do not realize the depth of seriousness of stress that doubt could lead to and we tend to brush it away without giving it recognition. Just like doubt, some certainty in moderation contributes to peace of mind, just as doubt would. Certainty itself is birthed from doubt. It is from ones doubts that a person gains their individual certainty. Without doubt, certainty would never be reached. Many had doubted Thomas Edison when he had attempted to invent the light bulb. It is because that Edison had doubted their beliefs that he had certainty within his own.It was because of this combination of doubt and certainty that Edison was able to progress the discovery of the light bulb. Having one without the other, it would have been nearly impossible for most leaps and bounds in any field of discovery. However, by having both, a person can have the motivation to explore the unknown world. By having doubt in another’s ideals can give a person purpose to search for another explanation. And by having certainty in one’s own beliefs, due to doubt, a person has the self-confidence to make the steps necessary to achieve their goal.A balance of both could lead to plethora potential in any area of ideals and concepts. To achieve one’s goals, it is certain that doubt is a major contribution to success. Having doubt is a great motivator to acquire, but an abundant amount could lead to paranoia and anxiety. Being certain on a specific subject can lead to peace of mind, but it also can prevent society world from feeling the need to make new discoveries. Both of these states of mind are needed to truly unlock one’s own potential and imagination.

Utah Man Denied Social Security Disability

Utah Man Denied Social Security Disability Utah Man Denied Social Security Disability Insurance in Dispute A former welder from Tremonton, Utah who has applied repeatedly for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits has sought the assistance of local investigative television journalists after receiving multiple letters denying his claim. A detailed article on what the news crew found is available here.A History of Medical ProblemsRandy Thompson   said he first started having problems with his back- including a collapsed disc that required surgery- some 17 years ago. He currently states he is unable to stand for more than 10-15 minutes at a time.Almost ten years ago, Thompson quit his welding job after multiple surgeries- despite still wanting to work. His doctors, however, say he cannot. At one point, the State of Utah itself agreed Thompson could not perform any kind of work. He applied for- and received- Medicaid benefits through the state. Unfortunately, those benefits have now stopped.An Unlikely Case for DenialAccording to Thompson, the State of Utah told him there were no jobs he could do, stating he could not perform any kind of work. Even though his team of doctors has offered evidence that he cannot work, the Social Security Administration (SSA) has ruled that he is not eligible for benefits. According to the news team, a representative from the SSA indicated they denied his claim because they believe he can still do other types of work.Taking the Next StepsThe Social Security Administration (SSA) provides benefits for those who have worked, paid into the system and have encountered a disability that now leaves them unable to work. Social Security Disability (SSD) benefits carry over until the recipient reaches retirement age.For now, Thompson is scheduled for an additional surgery to fuse his spine, and has requested a hearing with the SSA to appeal his denial. Unfortunately, 60% of new Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) claims receive an initial denial- and few of those are ever reversed on appeal.The Emotional Toll   Its importan t to understand that trying to obtain SSD benefits can negatively impact not only the claimant, but their families. Struggling to receive benefits has caused Thompson a great deal of financial and emotional stress. He reported that his   his marriage is falling apart, he can barely take care of himself and that and he feels lost.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the Social Security Disability and Veterans Disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental or cognitive impairment; call Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s experienced disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Michigan Social Security Disability Attorney, Michigan Social Security Disability Lawyer, Social Security Disability Claims

What Is Stockholm Syndrome Is It Real

What Is Stockholm Syndrome Is It Real SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re studying for your AP Psychology exam, you’ve probably stumbled across the term â€Å"Stockholm Syndrome.† But what is Stockholm Syndrome, exactly? As it turns out, Stockholm Syndrome is a complicated diagnosis that is still surrounded in quite a bit of controversy. In this guide, we’ll teach you everything you need to know about Stockholm Syndrome, and we’ll answer the following frequently asked questions: What is Stockholm Syndrome? Where does it come from? What causes Stockholm Syndrome, and what are its symptoms? Is Stockholm Syndrome a real diagnosis? At the end of this article, we’ll wrap things up with an in-depth look at two real-life cases of Stockholm Syndrome. (You’ll want to stick around until the end...those cases are really interesting.) Ready? Then let’s jump in! What Is Stockholm Syndrome? Stockholm Syndrome- which is also sometimes called â€Å"trauma bonding† or â€Å"terror bonding†- is defined as the â€Å"psychological tendency of a hostage to bond with, identify with, or sympathize with his or her captor.† In other words, Stockholm Syndrome occurs when someone who is held against their will starts to have positive feelings toward the person (or group) who is holding them captive. Also, despite being a psychological phenomenon, Stockholm Syndrome isn’t a mental disorder. Instead, it’s classified as a syndrome, which is a condition that’s characterized by a set of symptoms that often occur together. In order to be diagnosed with a syndrome like Stockholm Syndrome, a person has to exhibit most- but not all!- of the major symptoms that are associated with the syndrome itself. The Kreditbanken building in Norrmalmstorg, Sweden The History of Stockholm Syndrome Unlike most syndromes, which are discovered over time as doctors uncover trends in their patients, the origin of Stockholm Syndrome can be traced back to one specific event. On the morning of August 23, 1973, Jan-Erik Olsson- who was already on parole for robbery- walked into Kreditbanken, a bank in Stockholm, Sweden. He opened fire on two Swedish police officers before taking four bank employees hostage. As part of the list of demands he issued to authorities, Olsson asked that Clark Olofsson, one of his friends from prison, be brought to him. (Olofsson would become Olsson’s accomplice in the Kreditbanken hostage situation, and he would go on to rob another bank two years later.) The hostage situation would last six days before police would use tear gas to subdue Olsson and rescue the hostages. The unfolding drama captured the world’s attention. However, over the course of those 130 hours, another strange thing happened: Olsson’s hostages began to feel sympathy for their captor. One hostage, Kristin Ehnmark, told reporters after the ordeal that she and her fellow hostages were more afraid of the police than Olsson. She and her fellow hostages would later tell authorities that they were treated kindly by Olsson, even though he was holding them captive. For instance, Olsson gave his jacket to Kristin when she began to shiver, and when Elizabeth Oldgren- another hostage- became claustrophobic, Olsson allowed her to walk outside of the vault where he was holding everyone hostage.The hostages’ sympathy of Olsson continued on even after their ordeal was over, and some of them even went to visit Olsson in prison! The psychiatrists who treated the victims compared their behavior to the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, that they saw in soldiers returning from war. But that diagnosis didn’t quite fit, especially since the Kreditbanken hostage victims felt emotionally indebted to Olsson. They felt that Olsson, not the police, spared them from death, and they were grateful to Olsson for how kind he was to them. This unique set of symptoms led psychiatrists to label this phenomenon â€Å"Stockholm Syndrome,† which is still what we call it today. Nick Youngson/Alpha Stock Images What Causes Stockholm Syndrome? Stockholm Syndrome occurs in people who have been kidnapped or taken hostage and held against their will. It’s common for people to think that someone must be held hostage for a long period of time to develop Stockholm Syndrome, but new research suggests that isn’t true. Experts believe that it’s the intensity of the experience- not the length of it- that’s one of the primary contributors to whether someone will experience Stockholm Syndrome. Additionally, some psychologists believe that Stockholm Syndrome is more likely in situations where the captors don’t physically abuse their hostages. Instead, captors rely on the threat of violence instead. This can be aimed toward the victim, the victim’s families, or even other hostages. If victims believe their captors will carry through on their threats, it makes them more compliant. Additionally, the lack of violence becomes a sign of kindness. In other words, because a captor could- but doesn’t- act on their threats, victims begin to see that as a sign that their captors care about them. This tension creates the defining characteristic of Stockholm Syndrome, where victims start to sympathize with and/or care about their captors. We can definitely see this in the case of the Kreditbanken robbery. Olssen threatened his hostages with physical violence but never carried through. The hostages told the press that they didn’t feel Olssen was a bad person, especially since he didn’t physically mistreat them during the hostage crisis. Circumstances like these can cause victims to think of their captors as essentially nice- or sometimes even good- people who are taking care of them. Cases of Stockholm Syndrome can show evidence of emotional manipulation or abuse, however. In these instances, the captors use emotional tactics to convince victims to sympathize with them and comply with their demands. This can involve convincing victims that the outside world is more dangerous than staying with their captors or persuading victims that the kidnapper is a victim, too.This makes victims feel like they are unable to escape from their situation, which is why people with Stockholm Syndrome stay with their captors. From a psychological perspective, most psychologists and psychiatrists believe that Stockholm Syndrome is, at its core, all about survival instinct. When people are put into extremely dangerous or traumatic situations, they often behave instinctually in order to survive. You’ve probably heard of this phenomenon phrased as â€Å"fight or flight† instinct, where you either run, freeze, or attack when you’re scared. (For the record, we’re runners.) But survival instinct is actually much more complicated than that, especially when it comes to complex trauma. In the case of Stockholm Syndrome, victims become attached to their captors as a way to cope with their situation. This is also a way for victims to try to make their captors sympathize with them, and thus make it less likely for their captors to hurt or kill them. In other words, building an emotional connection becomes a victim’s way to both cope with his/her new reality and, hopefully, to survive. Having said all of this, there’s one last- but important- thing to realize about Stockholm Syndrome: it doesn’t involve any conscious choice on the part of the victim. Here’s what we mean. Say you’ve been kidnapped, and you’re being held against your will. You might decide to be nice to your kidnappers in an attempt to stay alive and, hopefully, escape. In this scenario, you choose to act in a certain way. Stockholm Syndrome, on the other hand, only occurs when the victim starts subconsciously and involuntarily sympathizing with their captor. In these instances, victims don’t have any conscious idea of what they’re doing, and their feelings toward their kidnappers last long after they’ve been freed. What Are the Symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome? At this point, it’s clear that Stockholm Syndrome is situational, which means that it’s something a person develops in a certain set of very traumatic circumstances. (Namely, the victim has been taken hostage by a stranger and is being held captive.) Now let’s take a look at the four major symptoms someone with Stockholm Syndrome experiences. Symptom 1: The Victim Has Positive Feelings Toward the Captor Like we’ve mentioned before, this is the hallmark of Stockholm Syndrome. Despite being in a terrifying situation, someone developing Stockholm Syndrome will start to sympathize, care about, or feel positively about the person (or people) who are holding them hostage. These positive feelings make the victim more likely to comply with their captors’ demands and feel guilty when they don’t. This was certainly true for the hostages in the Kreditbanken robbery. After her release, Kristin Ehnmark- one of the hostages- would tell reporters that she â€Å"felt like a traitor† when she gave the police information behind Olsson’s back. Additionally, these feelings come from a perception that the captors are treating them kindly. Another of the Kreditbanken victims, Sven Safstrà ¶m, remembers his reaction to Olsson’s threats. â€Å"All that comes back to me [now],† he would tell reporters later, â€Å"is how kind I thought [Olsson] was for saying it was just my leg he would shoot.† These perceived acts of kindness make victims feel like their captors are caring for or protecting them, even in a bad situation. This can make victims think of their captors as good people in a bad situation, rather than criminals who are breaking the law. And remember: for the victim, these positive feelings develop subconsciously and is completely outside of their control. This reaction is their instinctual reaction to a dangerous and traumatic situation, and it’s a survival tactic. Symptom 2: The Victim Has Negative Feelings Toward Family, Friends, or Authorities Because the victim is aligning with their captor, victims also begin to adopt their way of thinking. Since the captors are afraid of being caught and prosecuted, the victims often take on the same anxiety as well. Additionally, some kidnappers also convince their victims that they are protecting them from a dangerous world, not the other way around. This was the case in the Kreditbanken case, where the hostages became afraid that the police- not Olsson- were the real threat. In a phone call with Sweden’s Prime Minister, Kristin Ehnmark explained that while she was being treated well, she was afraid â€Å"the police will attack and kill us† instead. Experts explain that the phenomenon of sympathizing with the captor is a type of hypervigilance, where victims believe that the happiness of their captors is critical to their own wellbeing and safety. In other words, when the captor feels happy and safe, the victims are, too. That’s why victims displaying symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome turn on people who threaten the captor-captive relationship, including the authorities. Symptom 3: The Captor Has Positive Feelings Toward the Victim There are two ways this works. In one aspect, the victim perceives that their captor actually cares about them. This has a lot to do with the â€Å"kindness† we mentioned earlier. When captors don’t act on their threats- or when they do small, seemingly nice things for their victims- it can seem like they actually care about the people they’re holding captive. For example, during her time as a hostage in the Kreditbanken robbery, Elizabeth Oldgren was used by Olsson as a human shield. But he also gave her his jacket when she got cold, which Elizabeth saw as a sign of Olsson’s goodness. She would later tell reporters that although she had â€Å"known him a day when I felt his coat around† her, she was also â€Å"sure [Olsson] had always been that way.† Despite Olsson’s threats and posturing, his one act of compassion made Elizabeth think that he cared about her well-being, too. The second way this works is when authorities, like FBI or police negotiators, use tactics to get captors to see their victims as humans. By doing things like asking captors to call their hostages by their first names, the authorities work to humanize the victims. Doing so makes captors less likely to kill their victims because they’re afraid of getting caught, and the FBI trains its members to use this tactic to â€Å"help preserve life.† Symptom 4: The Victim Supports or Helps the Captor The final symptom of Stockholm Syndrome comes when a victim, instead of trying to escape, tries to help their captor rather than the authorities. In this case, the victim is putting the needs of their captor above their own freedom in order to survive. By this point, someone displaying the symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome already believes that their captor might hurt them or people they care about if they don’t comply with their demands. But more importantly, the victim has started to see the world from their captor’s point of view. Helping their captor isn’t something they’re forced to do- people with Stockholm Syndrome do so out of their own free will and their survival instinct. This last symptom can be particularly confusing for authorities, especially when they don’t realize that the victim has Stockholm Syndrome. During the Kreditbanken incident, Kristin Ehnmark was allowed to speak the then-Prime Minister, Olof Palme, on the phone. Not only did she express a distrust of the police, she also demanded that the victims be allowed to escape with Olsson, not from him! To make things more complicated, this symptom can also manifest itself in a desire to help captors even after the victim has been freed. In fact, Kristen and the other victims of the Kreditbanken robbery visited Olsson in prison for years after the incident. Is Stockholm Syndrome the Same Thing as Being in an Abusive Relationship? The short answer? No. Even though many of the causes and symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome sound like the hallmarks of an abusive relationship, there’s one significant difference: Stockholm Syndrome only occurs in situations where a victim doesn’t know their captor. In other words, in order to develop Stockholm Syndrome, a victim must have never met their kidnapper before. Domestic abuse, on the other hand, requires some sort of prior contact. In cases of domestic abuse, the victim and the perpetrator know each other in some way- they’re related, romantically involved, or in some other close relationship. So while abusive relationships and Stockholm Syndrome might share some characteristics, they aren’t the same thing. Is Stockholm Syndrome a Real Diagnosis? Although Stockholm Syndrome has captured public imagination, there is controversy in the medical community about whether it should be classified as its own disorder. Psychologists and psychiatrists use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5, as the holy grail of psychological diagnoses. It’s the standard diagnostic tool for any and all psychiatric illnesses and disorders...and Stockholm Syndrome doesn’t appear in the DSM-5. That’s the case for a few reasons. First, the symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome are very similar to those of trauma bonding or post-traumatic stress disorder, both of which do appear in the DSM-5. Psychiatrists and psychologists, however, aren’t in agreement about which classification Stockholm Syndrome falls under. Because there’s no extensive body of research or consensus to help solve the argument, Stockholm Syndrome is left out of the DSM-5 entirely. Second, Stockholm Syndrome is incredibly hard to study because it’s so rare. (More on that in a second.) That means it’s hard to come up with a widely accepted metric for diagnosing Stockholm Syndrome since each case is so unique. That makes it nearly impossible to develop a diagnostic rubric for Stockholm Syndrome, which is the DSM-5’s primary purpose. Lastly, Stockholm Syndrome is a syndrome, not a mental disorder or a mental illness. That means that it’s a collection of associated symptoms with no root biological or mental cause. While there are ramifications of Stockholm Syndrome that are similar to post-traumatic stress disorder, the onset of Stockholm Syndrome is situational, not pathological. So that brings us back to our first question: is Stockholm Syndrome a real diagnosis? Yes and no. While Stockholm Syndrome is not a recognized psychological diagnosis of a mental illness or disorder in the DSM-5, it is a clinical way to explain the unique symptoms that some kidnap and hostage victims display. Nick Youngson/Alpha Stock Images Are There Famous Examples of Stockholm Syndrome? Despite being a fairly well-known psychological condition, Stockholm Syndrome in real life is remarkably rare. According to the 2007 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73 percent of all kidnapping victims show no evidence of Stockholm syndrome whatsoever. Of those victims remaining, fewer than five percent will develop Stockholm syndrome at all. (In contrast, abusive domestic relationships- which share many of the characteristics of Stockholm syndrome- are unfortunately much more common.) So why are people so curious about a syndrome that occurs so rarely? Along with being a fascinating psychological topic, Stockholm Syndrome continues to capture the imagination of the public in movies, television shows, and even music. In fact, it’s such a pervasive topic in pop culture that the syndrome even has its own write-up on TVTropes.com! This preoccupation with Stockholm Syndrome means that when the rare case does occur, it triggers a media frenzy. Let’s take a look at two of cases of Stockholm Syndrome that captured the world’s attention. Patty Hearst after her arrest in 1975 Patty Hearst One of the most famous cases of Stockholm Syndrome is the kidnapping of Patty Hearst. In February 1974, 19-year-old Patty Hearst was kidnapped from her apartment in Berkeley, California by a group calling themselves the Symbionese Liberation Army, or SLA. The SLA was a radical activist group that used tactics like bank robbing, murder, and kidnapping to wage war- both ideological and literal- against the U.S. Government, which they viewed as an oppressive â€Å"capitalist state.† The SLA decided to kidnap Patty Hearst because she was the granddaughter of billionaire newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst and the heiress to his fortune. The SLA had three goals in kidnapping Patty Hearst. First, they wanted media attention for their anti-capitalist platform (which they definitely received). Second, they wanted to extort money from Patty’s family to fuel their cause. And last, the SLA planned to brainwash Patty into becoming not only a member of the SLA, but the poster child of their movement. Unfortunately, although the Hearst family would meet most of the SLA’s demands- which included donating $8 million dollars to feed the poor- the SLA didn’t release Patty to her family. Patty wouldn’t be seen for two months, and when she did reappear, it was shocking. In April 1974, the SLA robbed Hibernia Bank in San Francisco...and Patty Hearst was one of the robbers. Security footage showed Patty wielding a machine gun and helping in the robbery, looking quite unlike someone who was being held against her will. After the robbery, the SLA released a pre-taped message from Patty herself. In the recording, Patty called herself â€Å"Tania† and claimed that she was now a voluntary member of the SLA movement. The video sparked widespread public debate. Had Patty been brainwashed by the SLA? Or had she orchestrated the kidnapping plot in order to join the organization and extort money from her family? This debate would end up playing out in court. Patty and other members of the SLA were captured by the FBI in September 1975, eight months after Patty’s kidnapping. She was charged with armed robbery along with a handful of other crimes, and her defense team argued that she had Stockholm Syndrome. But that was a hard case to make: the Kreditbanken robbery had happened just two years earlier, and Stockholm Syndrome was still a new idea in the public consciousness. Ultimately, the jury was unconvinced by the defense, and Patty Hearst was still sentenced to seven years in prison. She would serve two years in prison before her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter. Although there is still quite a bit of controversy surrounding the Patty Hearst case, her situation is now regarded as one of the best examples of Stockholm Syndrome outside of the Kreditbanken hostage situation. Jaycee Dugard in 1991 (Family Photo/CNN) Jaycee Dugard The kidnapping of Jaycee Dugard is another famous case of Stockholm Syndrome that became a media sensation. On June 10, 1991, 11-year-old Jaycee Dugard was abducted while walking home after getting off the school bus. Her mother had moved the family to Meyers, California a year earlier because she thought it was a safer place to raise her children, but now her worst fears had been realized. Once people realized that Jaycee was missing, the community leaped into action. Despite a widespread search effort and tons of media coverage- including a feature on America’s Most Wanted- Jaycee Dugard seemed to have disappeared without a trace. Many thought Jaycee was dead, but her mother held out hope that she was still alive.And she was alive, but she was being held against her will in Antioch, California...just three hours away from her childhood home. Jaycee was held captive until 2009, and even then, she was only rescued because her kidnapper made some critical mistakes. Phillip Greg Garrido, who was on parole for kidnapping and a registered sexual offender, visited the University of California, Berkeley campus looking for a place to hold a special event as part of his â€Å"God’s Desire† program. Garrido believed that angels were communicating with him and had granted him supernatural powers, and he wanted to proselytize on the campus. The UC Berkeley events office and campus police reported him to his parole officer, who asked Garrido to come in for a meeting. He did and brought his wife, Nancy, Jaycee, and Jaycee’s two daughters. (Garrido had repeatedly sexually assaulted Jaycee, who had two children as a consequence.) The police separated Jaycee from Garrido and started questioning her. Jaycee insisted her name was â€Å"Allissa,† and she only admitted her true identity after Garrido confessed to his crimes. By this point, Jaycee had lived with Garrido as â€Å"Allissa† for longer than she had lived with her biological parents. During her questioning at the police station, authorities immediately noticed that Jaycee was displaying symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome. This became even more apparent as more of Jaycee’s story came to light. For instance, as Jaycee got older, Garrido and his wife would take her out into public, including local festivals and fairs. Dugard even helped Garrido run a printing business out of his house. She worked as his graphic designer, answered phone calls and emails, and even met with clients. Despite this, she never made any attempts to escape or reveal her true identity. During an interview with Diane Sawyer for ABC News, Jaycee explained why she never tried to run away and her experience with Stockholm Syndrome. When Sawyer asks Jaycee why she didn’t run, she says, â€Å"in the situation...it wasn’t an option.† She goes on to say that Garrido convinced her that the outside world was dangerous, and that staying with him was the only way to keep herself and her children safe. Sawyer then asks Jaycee if she will ever understand why she didn’t try to leave, and Jaycee responds, â€Å"No. I don’t think so.† Like the Kreditbanken victims, Stockholm Syndrome convinced Jaycee that she was safer staying with her captor than trying to leave. Today, Jaycee uses her experience as a kidnapping victim and trauma survivor to help others who have experienced similar situations. Through her non-profit, the JAYCFoundation, Jaycee works to raise awareness and support for families who have experienced the abduction of a loved one. Now What? If you or someone you know is in a situation like the ones we’ve described above, reach out for help. You can always contact The National Domestic Violence Hotline by phone, text, or web chat for help. Looking for more resources on AP test topics? We’ve got plenty, like a run-down on the different modes of persuasion and a huge list of AP biology study guides! If the term â€Å"AP Test† is no for you, don’t worry! Here’s a primer on AP exams and a breakdown of the average score for each one.

An essay about busness Strategy from a.Profitability b.Marketing

An about busness Strategy from a.Profitability b.Marketing c.Expected local response - Essay Example Brookside products manufacturers had maintained long working hours developing products that were not going to perceived as good as Fresh Milk Company’s products. Some local consumers thought stopping the manufacturer from developing the products could affect the morale of developing the new product. However, comparing the morale of the product team in relation to the profitability and the market demand, it was not a good idea for introducing the new products that were already inferior to that of the Fresh Milk Company. Brookside wisely stopped working and developing the inferior products and developed new market strategies and the environment to develop new products that outperformed Fresh Milk Company’s products (Caramia & Guerriero, P. 132). The pricing or selling effort strategies would be dealt with effectively when the Brookside company follows an appropriate skimming strategy that seek to be the first company to introduce high quality and good performance products. In addition, the Brookside Company should sell its brands to the market segment innovators that charge a premium price for its products (Tidstrà ¶m & Hagberg-Andersson, P. 340). For this reason, the brand or products would produce as much profit as possible. Nevertheless, the company should move on or change its operative strategies when the competitors arrive since the prices are likely to fall as a result of competition for the available potential and reliable customers. For this regard, the skimming strategy in conjunction with the pricing penetrative strategy would gain a significant market share by undergoing short-term profits in favor of long-term benefits (Thomas & Andrew, P 57). Competitors’ strength and abilities should be dealt with probable response by evaluating and assessing all the competitors influence in the market environment. For the business to succeed effectively, the companies must leverage its mechanisms of producing unique and